股权执行中法律程序的应用

北安市人民法院 杨亚新 刘福发


改革发展到今天，利用资本进行收益及股权运作逐渐成为经济社会的基本属性之一，随之也为执行工作增添新的内涵。自《执行规定》颁布关于执行股权的规定后，最高法院多次对执行股权实践中存在的问题予以批复，规范和完善了执行股权的实践工作，特别是《公司法》修改后，《公司法》第七十三条对人民法院执行股权作出了法律规定，逐步完善了执行股权的立法体系。但按照现有的法律规定及实践的指导意见，在执行工作中，要特别注重执行股权的程序，以维护执行工作的统一性和协调性。
一、冻结程序的应用
（一）《民事诉讼法》规定的冻结控制性执行措施，可适用于无形财产。因此对股权的执行，可以采取冻结措施。对被执行人预期应得的股息进行冻结，禁止到期后被执行人提取或公司向被执行人支付。对股息冻结的裁定，应直接送达公司和被执行人，此时对股息的支配权人是公司，如被执行人提取或公司支付股息则按民事强制措施予以制裁。
（二）对股权本身也可采取冻结的措施。《执行规定》第五十三条第二款规定，冻结股权时应当通知有关企业不得办理股权的转移手续及支付股息，冻结股权的措施延及股权的股息。实践中不仅要通知公司，同时要通知工商登记部门，以防止企业和被执行人转移财产，这样才能实现真正意义上的冻对。对被执行人在外商投资企业的股权进行冻结时，除向工商部门送达协助执行通知书外，还应向企业的对外经济贸易主管机关送达，以限制股权的转让。
最高院《关于冻对、拍卖上市公司国有股和社会法人股若干问题的规定》为执行股权作了示范，同时还涉及到了一些相关问题，特别是冻结的数量应以股权持有人的债务为限，不能随便扩大。
二、通知的应用
（一）《公司法》第七十三条明确规定，人民法院依照法律规定的强制执行程序转让股权时，应当通知公司及全体股东，其他股东在同等条件下有优先购买权。履行通知义务是转让的前提条件，也是对其他股东优先购买权的保护。执行有限责任公司股权时，应先告知全体股东，人民法院将对被执行人在公司的股权进行转让，征得全体股东半数同意后予以转让。要提出注意的问提是无论其他股东是否同意转让，在转让时，应通知在一定期限内同等条件下都有优先购买权。
（二）对被执行人在股份有限公司的股权采取控制措施时，应通知被执行人在一定期限内按照《公司法》的有关规定转让，如被执行人未按通知期限转让，法院则可以直接采取拍卖、变卖的方式进行处分，或直接抵偿给债权人，用于清偿被执行人的债务。对一人有限公司和国有独资公司股权的执行应参照有限责任公司的有关规定，以确保执行的公正性及权威性。
（三）对外商投资企业，因其主体的特殊性，应参照外经贸部、国家工商总局1997年印发的《外商投资企业投资者股权变更若干规定》的规定执行。为使执行工作顺利进行，应通知合资他方有关执行案件的来源、执行依据、法律有关规定，并针对合资他方提出的问题，依照法律给予解答，并要求合资他方作出是否同意转让的表示，并通知这一表示在一定期限内作出。在确认被执行人除在此企业的股权外别无财产可供执行，其他股东不同意转让的情况下，方可强制转让，但强制转让股权时，应告知合资他方的优先购买权。
三、变价的应用
变价是执行股权追求的最终目的，是使债权人得以实现的最终保证。变价这一环节是执行股权最关键的一个程序，无论股东自愿转让还是强制转让，对股权的价值必须掌握准确。人民法院通过依法评估，确定股权的真实价值，会使执行案件得到合理、公正的解决，对股东、债权人和受让人也是一种保护。对股权的评估尤为重要，在股权评估时应注意的问题是 ：第一，由债权人和债务人双方选择评估机构，如协商不成的，才由法院指定评估机构；第二，所选的评估机构的资格和条件必须具备评估股权的要求；第三，防止人为将股权价值低估或高估，以至损害债权人利益，给执行工作造成阻碍；第四，评估机构严格按照资产评估管理办法规定的标准、程序和方式进行，对公司的固定资产、流动资产、无形资产和其他资产全面评估，反映股权的真实价值。
四、转让与变更的执行
转让是执行股权的唯一方法，无论是将股权转让给他人，还股权抵偿给债权人，都属于转让。执行股权的转让可分为自行转让和强制转让。（一）根据《执行规定》第五十四条第三款的规定，被执行人自行转让股权，应在人民法院的允许并监督下进行，将所得收益用于清偿申请执行人的债务。（二）强制转让又分为直接强制转让和通过拍卖、变卖或其他方式强制转让，对股份有限公司股权的执行可采取用股权抵偿债务的方式直接强制转让，也可采取拍卖、变卖方式强制转让给他人。（三）执行一人有限责任公司和国有独盗公司股权时，应根据《执行规定》第五十四条第一款的规定，可直接强制转让。（四）执行有限责任公司股权时，无论其他股东是否同意，采用的是拍卖、变卖或其他方式的强制转让。（五）执行合资企业股权时，强制转让股权，应注意按照合资企业法律的规定，争取合资他方的同意，在其不同意又符合强制转让的条件下，才可转让，但应保护合资他方的优先购买权。
股权强制转让后，法院应下裁定予以确认，并通知工商行政管理部门协助办理股东变更手续，企业的股东名册也要相应记载变更事项。对合资企业，还要重新签订合营协议，修改合资合同和企业章程，明确双方权利义务，并报对外贸易主管机关批准。受让人可依据法院转让确认裁定，依据《公司法》或有关行政法规向法院主张权利，要求公司按《公司法》规定维护其权益或要求行政机关积极作为，以维护其利益。

国家旅游局


关于严格禁止在旅游业务中私自收授回扣和收取小费的规定(附英文)

（1987年8月2日国务院批准1987年8月17日国家旅游局发布）

第一条 为了加强旅游系统职工队伍的精神文明建设，反对在旅游业务中私自收授回扣和收取小费的不正当行为，维护我国旅游声誉，更好地发展旅游事业，特制定本规定。
第二条 旅游系统职工在工作中，不得私自索要、收受回扣（包括券证、实物和其他报酬）。
违反前款规定，有下列行为之一的，由旅游行政管理部门根据情节予以处罚：
（一）私自索要、收受回扣金额在五百元以下的，没收非法所得，并可处以相当于其非法所得等值或者以下的罚款，同时给予行政警告或者记过处分。
（二）私自索要、收受回扣金额在五百元以上、一千元以下的，没收非法所得，并可处以相当于其非法所得等值两倍以下的罚款，同时给予留用察看处分。
（三）私自索要、收受回扣，金额在一千元以上的，没收其非法所得，同时给予开除公职处分。
第三条 接待旅游者的商店、餐馆、汽车公司等经营单位，在经营中不得向私人付给回扣。
违反前款规定，有下列行为之一的，由旅游行政管理部门会同有关主管部门根据情节予以处罚：
（一）主动付给私人回扣金额在一千元以下的，处以相当于其所付回扣等值两倍以下的罚款；主管部门应当对直接责任人和经营单位负责人给予行政处分。
（二）主动付给私人回扣金额在一千元以上、二千元以下的，处以相当于其所付回扣等值三倍以下的罚款；主管部门应当对直接责任人和经营单位负责人给予行政处分。
（三）主动付给私人回扣金额在二千元以上的，除按照本款第（二）项的规定给予处罚外，并可责令该经营单位停业整顿，或者由工商行政管理部门依法吊销其营业执照。
第四条 旅游系统职工在工作中，不得向旅游者索要、收受小费；也不得收受旅游者主动付给的小费。
旅游者主动赠送礼品，应当谢绝；确实谢绝不了的，应当按照国家有关礼品的规定处理。
第五条 违反第四条规定，有下列行为之一的，由旅游行政管理部门予以处罚：
（一）本人未主动索要，但收受小费的，给予批评教育，没收其所收小费。
（二）主动索要小费，或者暗示、刁难旅游者，造成不良影响的，给予行政处分，并可同时处以相当于其所收小费三倍以下的罚款；情节恶劣，后果严重的，可给予留用察看直至开除公职处分。
第六条 违反本规定第二条、第三条、第四条的行为，情节严重，触犯刑律的，交司法机关依法追究刑事责任。
第七条 因私自索要、收受回扣或者小费被开除公职的，不得再录用为旅游系统职工。
第八条 对于坚持原则，拒绝收受回扣、小费，热情为旅游者提供服务，得到旅游者好评的工作人员，应当给予精神和物质奖励。
第九条 罚没的款项和实物，应当按照国家有关规定处理。
第十条 旅游行政管理部门负责监督检查本规定的贯彻实施。工商、财政、审计等部门，应当在各自职责范围内加强配合。
第十一条 本规定适用于旅游系统的所有单位，以及其他涉及旅游业务的商店、餐馆、汽车公司等经营单位。
第十二条 本规定所称的“以上”，包括本数。
第十三条 本规定自发布之日起施行。

PROVISIONS CONCERNING STRICT FORBIDDANCE ON ACCEPTANCE OF REBATESAND TIPS IN HANDLING TOURIST BUSINESS

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
PROVISIONS CONCERNING STRICT FORBIDDANCE ON ACCEPTANCE OF REBATES
AND TIPS IN HANDLING TOURIST BUSINESS
(Approved by the State Council on August 2, 1987 and promulgated
by the National Tourism Administration on August 17, 1987)
Article 1
These Provisions are formulated in order to promote cultural and
ideological progress of the contingent of workers and staff members in the
tourist industry, to fight against the improper acts of accepting, without
permission, rebates and tips in handling tourist business, to defend the
reputation of our tourist industry so as to ensure its further
development.
Article 2
Workers and staff members in the tourist industry shall not ask for, or
accept, without permission, rebates (including various negotiable
securities, material objects and other remuneration).
With respect to those who have committed one of the following acts in
violation of the provisions in the preceding paragraph, the tourism
administration department shall impose punishments depending on the
seriousness of the cases:
(1) In case that the amount of rebates the violator has privately asked
for or accepted is 500 yuan or less, the illegal gain shall be
confiscated, and a fine equal to the illegal gain, or less, may
concurrently be imposed; and, at the same time, an administrative warning
shall be given, or a demerit be recorded.
(2) In case that the amount of rebates the violator has privately asked
for or accepted is above 500 and below 1,000 yuan, the illegal gain shall
be confiscated, and a fine equal to two times as much, or less, as the
illegal gain may concurrently be imposed, and, at the same time, the
punishment of probation on job shall be imposed.
(3) In case that the amount of rebates the violator has privately asked
for or accepted is above 1,000 yuan, the illegal gain shall be
confiscated, and, at the same time, the punishment of dismissal from
office shall be imposed.
Article 3
Business operating units that receive tourists, such as stores,
restaurants and automobile companies, shall not pay rebates to individuals
in business operations. With respect to those who have committed one of
the following acts in violation of the provisions in the preceding
paragraph, the tourism administration department, shall, in consultation
with the competent authorities, impose punishments depending on the
seriousness of the cases:
(1) In case that the amount of rebates a violator has paid on his/her own
initiative to an individual is 1,000 yuan or less, a fine equal to two
times as much, or less, as the amount of rebates shall be imposed on the
violator; and the competent authorities shall impose disciplinary sanction
on the violator, and also on the person who is in charge of the business
operating unit.
(2) In case that the amount of rebates a violator has paid on his/her own
initiative to an individual is above 1,000 and below 2,000, a fine equal
to three times as much, or less, as the amount of rebates shall be
imposed; and the competent authorities shall impose disciplinary sanction
on the violator, and also on the person who is in charge of the business
operating unit.
(3) In case that the amount of rebates a violator has paid on his/her own
initiative to an individual is above 2,000 yuan, the tourism
administration department may, in addition to imposing punishment in
accordance with the provisions in item (2) of this Article, order the
business operating unit to cease business operations for rectification,
or, the administrative department for industry and commerce shall revoke
the violator's business licence in accordance with the law.
Article 4
Workers and staff members in the tourist industry shall not ask for, or
accept, tips from tourists; and they shall not accept any tips given by
tourists on latter's own initiative, either.
In case that tourists present gifts on their own initiative, the gifts
should be declined; gifts that are difficult to be declined shall be
handled in accordance with the provisions of the State concerning gifts.
Article 5
With respect to those who have committed one of the following acts in
violation of the provisions of Article 4 of these Provisions, the tourism
administration department shall impose punishment:
(1) In case that the violator has accepted tips without asking for them on
his/her own initiative, he/she shall be criticized, and the tips he/she
has accepted shall be confiscated.
(2) In case that the violator has asked for tips on his/her own
initiative, or has so hinted by deliberately making things difficult for
tourists and has thus produced very bad effect, the tourism administration
department shall impose disciplinary sanction on the violator, and, at the
same time, impose a fine equal to three times as much, or less, as the
tips that the violator has accepted; if the case is extremely abominable
and has caused grave consequences, the punishment of probation on job or
even dismissal from office may be imposed on the violator, depending on
the seriousness of the case.
Article 6
With respect to those who have violated the provisions in Articles 2, 3
and 4, if the case is so serious as to constitute a crime, the violator's
criminal responsibility shall be investigated by judicial organs in
accordance with the law.
Article 7
Those who have been discharged from office on account of having privately
asked for or accepted rebates or tips, shall not be re-employed as staff
members or workers in the entire tourist industry.
Article 8
Those who have observed the disciplines, declined rebates and tips, and
served tourists warm-heartedly and have thus been praised by tourists,
shall be given moral encouragement and material rewards.
Article 9
Fines, and illegal gains and objects confiscated, shall be handled in
accordance with the pertinent provisions of the State.
Article 10
The tourism administration department shall be responsible for supervising
the implementation of these Provisions. The administrative department for
industry and commerce, the department of finance and the auditing
department shall, within their respective scope of functions, strengthen
their coordination.
Article 11
These Provisions shall apply to all units in the tourist industry, and
also to other business operating units with relevance to tourist business,
such as stores, restaurants, and automobile companies.
Article 12
The expression "above..." referred to in these Provisions includes the
figure itself.
Article 13
These Provisions shall go into effect as of the date of promulgation.